Now that we have covered how to get to a basic implementation of map, filter, and reduce in Ruby, as well as how to take advantage of Method#curry, we are going to see how we can get some extra power from our code by combining their use.
In the Ruby versions of Enumerables map, reduce, and select, it operates against a specific object, such as an array of users.
class User
def initialize(name:, active:)
@name = name
@active = active
end
def active?
@active
end
def name
@name
end
end
users = [User.new(name: "johnny b. goode", active: true),
User.new(name: "jasmine", active: true),
User.new(name: "peter piper", active: false),
User.new(name: "mary", active: true),
User.new(name: "elizabeth", active: true),
User.new(name: "jennifer", active: false)]
users.map{|user| user.name}
# => ["johnny b. goode", "jasmine", "peter piper", "mary", "elizabeth", "jennifer"]
users.select{|user| user.active?}
# => [#<User:0x007fa37a13eb68 @active=true, @name="johnny b. goode">,
# #<User:0x007fa37a13eaa0 @active=true, @name="jasmine">,
# #<User:0x007fa37a13e910 @active=true, @name="mary">,
# #<User:0x007fa37a13e848 @active=true, @name="elizabeth">]
If we want the names of a different collection, we need to call map (and use the same block) directly on that collection as well; like a if we had a collection of active Users.
users.select{|user| user.active?}.map{|user| user.name}
=> ["johnny b. goode", "jasmine", "mary", "elizabeth"]
This can be made a little more generic by having the methods get_user_names and get_active_users defined on User, but this still leaves us a bit shallow, so let’s see what else we can do base of what we have seen so far.
We will try it with our versions of map, filter, and reduce, and see how we can distill some of this logic, and raise the level of abstraction hight to make it more generic.
module Sequence
def self.my_map(f, items)
do_map = lambda do |accumulator, item|
accumulator.dup << f.call(item)
end
my_reduce([], do_map, items)
end
def self.my_filter(predicate, items)
do_filter = lambda do |accumulator, item|
if (predicate.call(item))
accumulator.dup << item
else
accumulator
end
end
my_reduce([], do_filter, items)
end
def self.my_reduce(initial, operation, items)
return nil unless items.any?{|item| true}
accumulator = initial
for item in items do
accumulator = operation.call(accumulator, item)
end
accumulator
end
end
And we look at how we call it using our Sequence module defined above.
Sequence.my_map(->(user) {user.name}, users)
# => ["johnny b. goode", "jasmine", "peter piper", "mary", "elizabeth", "jennifer"]
Sequence.my_filter(->(user) {user.active?}, users)
# => [#<User:0x007fa37a13eb68 @active=true, @name="johnny b. goode">,
# #<User:0x007fa37a13eaa0 @active=true, @name="jasmine">,
# #<User:0x007fa37a13e910 @active=true, @name="mary">,
# #<User:0x007fa37a13e848 @active=true, @name="elizabeth">]
Granted, at this point, this is not a great improvement, if any, on it’s own.
BUT….
Since we take the collection to operate on as the last argument to our methods, we can combine our versions of my_map, my_filter, my_reduce with partial application to get a Proc that will do a specific operation against any Enumerable.
Let’s see how this would work.
First, we will update our Sequence module to have a map, filter, and reduce that can be partially applied.
module Sequence
def self.my_map(f, items)
do_map = lambda do |accumulator, item|
accumulator.dup << f.call(item)
end
my_reduce([], do_map, items)
end
def self.my_filter(predicate, items)
do_filter = lambda do |accumulator, item|
if (predicate.call(item))
accumulator.dup << item
else
accumulator
end
end
my_reduce([], do_filter, items)
end
def self.my_reduce(initial, operation, items)
return nil unless items.any?{|item| true}
accumulator = initial
for item in items do
accumulator = operation.call(accumulator, item)
end
accumulator
end
@@map = method(:my_map).curry
@@filter = method(:my_filter).curry
@@reduce = method(:my_reduce).curry
def self.map
@@map
end
def self.filter
@@filter
end
def self.reduce
@@reduce
end
end
Next with the ability to partially applied versions of our map, filter, and reduce, we can now save these off to variables that we can invoke later and just pass in the Users enumerable we wish to operate against.
names = Sequence.map.(->(user) {user.name})
# => #<Proc:0x007f9c53155990 (lambda)>
names.(users)
# => ["johnny b. goode", "jasmine", "peter piper", "mary", "elizabeth", "jennifer"]
get_active = Sequence.filter.(->(user) {user.active?})
# => #<Proc:0x007f9c531af3f0 (lambda)>
get_active.(users)
# => [#<User:0x007f9c5224e960 @active=true, @name="johnny b. goode">,
# #<User:0x007f9c5224e8c0 @active=true, @name="jasmine">,
# #<User:0x007f9c5224e780 @active=true, @name="mary">,
# #<User:0x007f9c5224e6e0 @active=true, @name="elizabeth">]
Or if we want to, we can use the Symbol#to_proc so we don’t have to define our lambda for checking if an item is active?.
get_active = Sequence.filter.(:active?.to_proc) => #<Proc:0x007f9c531e62d8 (lambda)> get_active.(users) => [#<User:0x007f9c5224e960 @active=true, @name="johnny b. goode">, #<User:0x007f9c5224e8c0 @active=true, @name="jasmine">, #<User:0x007f9c5224e780 @active=true, @name="mary">, #<User:0x007f9c5224e6e0 @active=true, @name="elizabeth">]
And now that we have our partial applied functions, we can also chain our calls together to get the names of active Users.
names.(get_active.(users)) => ["johnny b. goode", "jasmine", "mary", "elizabeth"]
Not only that, but say we have some collections of Product objects,
class Product
attr_reader :id, :name, :brand
def initialize(id:, name:, active:, brand:)
@id = id
@name = name
@active = active
@brand = brand
end
def active?
@active
end
end
products = [Product.new(id: 0, name: "Prefect", active: false, brand: "Ford"),
Product.new(id: 7, name: "SICP", active: true, brand: "MIT Press"),
Product.new(id: 16, name: "HTDP", active: true, brand: "MIT Press"),
Product.new(id: 17, name: "MRI", active: true, brand: "Ruby"),
Product.new(id: 42, name: "HHGTTG", active: true, brand: "HHGTTG"),
Product.new(id: 53, name: "Windows 3.1", active: false, brand: "Microsoft")]
Session objects,
class Session
def initialize(name:, duration:)
@name = name
@duration = duration
end
def name
@name
end
def active?
@duration < 15
end
end
sessions = [Session.new(name: "session A", duration: 3),
Session.new(name: "session A", duration: 30),
Session.new(name: "session A", duration: 17),
Session.new(name: "session A", duration: 9),
Session.new(name: "session A", duration: 1)]
and even SalesLead objects.
class SalesLead
def initialize(lead:, active:)
@lead = lead
@active = active
end
def active?
@active && @lead.active?
end
def name
@lead.name
end
end
leads = [SalesLead.new(lead: User.new(name: "lead 1", active: true), active: true),
SalesLead.new(lead: User.new(name: "lead 2", active: true), active: false),
SalesLead.new(lead: User.new(name: "lead 3", active: false), active: true),
SalesLead.new(lead: User.new(name: "lead 4", active: true), active: true),
SalesLead.new(lead: User.new(name: "lead 5", active: true), active: true),
SalesLead.new(lead: User.new(name: "lead 6", active: false), active: false)]
And because our Product class has the methods name and active?, we can use our names and get_active variables that hold our partially applied Procs against the list of Products,
names.(products) # => ["Prefect", "SICP", "HTDP", "MRI", "HHGTTG", "Windows 3.1"] get_active.(products) # => [#<Product:0x007f9c530b7dd0 @active=true, @brand="MIT Press", @id=7, @name="SICP">, # #<Product:0x007f9c530b7ce0 @active=true, @brand="MIT Press", @id=16, @name="HTDP">, # #<Product:0x007f9c530b7bf0 @active=true, @brand="Ruby", @id=17, @name="MRI">, # #<Product:0x007f9c530b7ad8 @active=true, @brand="HHGTTG", @id=42, @name="HHGTTG">] names.(get_active.(products)) # => ["SICP", "HTDP", "MRI", "HHGTTG"]
Sessions,
names.(sessions) # => ["session A", "session A", "session A", "session A", "session A"] get_active.(sessions) # => [#<Session:0x007f9c52153560 @duration=3, @name="session A">, # #<Session:0x007f9c52152f98 @duration=9, @name="session A">, # #<Session:0x007f9c52152ca0 @duration=1, @name="session A">] names.(get_active.(sessions)) # => ["session A", "session A", "session A"]
and SalesLeads,
names.(leads) # => ["lead 1", "lead 2", "lead 3", "lead 4", "lead 5", "lead 6"] get_active.(leads) # => [#<SalesLead:0x007f9c5212a020 # @active=true, # @lead=#<User:0x007f9c5212a160 @active=true, @name="lead 1">>, # #<SalesLead:0x007f9c521292d8 # @active=true, # @lead=#<User:0x007f9c52129468 @active=true, @name="lead 4">>, # #<SalesLead:0x007f9c52128e00 # @active=true, # @lead=#<User:0x007f9c52129080 @active=true, @name="lead 5">>] names.(get_active.(leads)) # => ["lead 1", "lead 4", "lead 5"]
With this in mind, we will update the definition of our names and get_active to show that it is not just “users” it operates against, but any item.
names = Sequence.map.(->(x) {x.name})
# => #<Proc:0x007f9c53107f38 (lambda)>
get_active = Sequence.filter.(->(x) {x.active?})
# => #<Proc:0x007f9c530bfcd8 (lambda)>
So with this, we have now been able to take our map and select from Ruby’s Enumerable class that worked on a specific collection only, without being redefined and moved into a method to live on User somewhere, we now have a Proc that is recognized to be applicable to anything that accepts an item of that form, and these can be defined and used anywhere.
–Proctor